Configuration

MULAN-ESM2 S

MULAN-ESM2 S augments a pretrained ESM-2 sequence encoder with a structure adapter.

Sources

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 1); 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.1 The importance of the Structure Adapter (paragraph 1)

1 evaluation · 1 metric row

How it worksEvaluated procedure (conceptual)

Conceptual input–method–output guide. Check the procedure text and linked evaluation for fitted components, additional inputs and exact settings.

Sources

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1)

At a glance

Model type

Protein sequence transformer; this record is the paper-specific evaluated configuration.

Sources

facebookresearch/esm README.md · README.md model description

Biological inputs

Protein amino-acid sequences and angle-based structural descriptors

Sources

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 2); 3 Discussion/3.4 Related work/3.4.2 Structure-informed models (paragraph 1)

Outputs

Structure-aware representations for downstream protein tasks

Sources

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 3 Discussion/3.1 Results (paragraph 1); 4 Conclusion (paragraph 1)

limited source coverage · Automated source review, 2026-09-16. All specifications and missing details

Evaluations and results

Release 2026-09-17-d277315f7d76 · 1 evaluation · 1 metric row. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Evaluation setupMetricEvidence origin

Results grouped by the exact reported evaluation
Metric and finding	Coverage and uncertainty	Evidence
MULAN-ESM2 S: human protein-protein interaction prediction Configuration: MULAN-ESM2 STask: human protein-protein interaction predictionDataset: HumanPPI MULAN sequence-structure model based on ESM2 8M Author-reported evaluation · Evaluation metadata: needs review
0.717 AUC Unit: fraction · Direction: unknown	Uncertainty: not reported in legacy extract Scored: Not reported · Eligible: Not reported	source checkedMULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · Table 2, MULAN-ESM2 S row, HumanPPI AUC column Source checking is not independent reproduction.

How it works

How the evaluated method works

A parameter-efficient adapter encodes angle-based structural information, which is fused with the pretrained sequence representation and trained jointly.

Sources

Underlying method and version boundaries

ESM-2 is a transformer protein language-model family. The official repository exposes residue embeddings, sequence-level pooling and models at several sizes; the study configuration determines which of these is evaluated.

Sources

facebookresearch/esm README.md · README.md; introduction, model description, pretrained-model and usage sections at pinned revision

What was evaluated

The linked evaluation record identifies MULAN-ESM2 S: human protein-protein interaction prediction. Its dataset, split, adaptation and evidence origin remain attached to the reported results.

Sources

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · The named evaluation’s methods and comparison table; exact preserved evaluation IDs: evaluation-b2-mulan-2025

Strengths and limitations

Strengths and considerations

Adds structural information by adapting existing language-model weights rather than training a new sequence model from scratch.
Sources
MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.3 Starting from the pre-trained model is necessary (paragraph 1); 1 Introduction (paragraph 3)

Limitations and conditions

Requires structural information beyond sequence; comparisons to sequence-only encoders must preserve that input difference.
Sources
MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 1 Introduction (paragraph 3); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1)

Profile review details

Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction.

Stable record: reported-model-a29203c09857ef

Specifications

Inputs, training, access and other details

Explanatory profile: limited source coverage · Automated source review, 2026-09-16. Review applies to the cited claims; unresolved fields are listed below. Numerical results retain their own review status.

Inputs, outputs and configuration
Property	Description and evidence
Model type	Protein sequence transformer; this record is the paper-specific evaluated configuration. Sources facebookresearch/esm README.md · README.md model description
Architecture / procedure	A parameter-efficient adapter encodes angle-based structural information, which is fused with the pretrained sequence representation and trained jointly. Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1)
Biological inputs	Protein amino-acid sequences and angle-based structural descriptors Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 2); 3 Discussion/3.4 Related work/3.4.2 Structure-informed models (paragraph 1)
Outputs	Structure-aware representations for downstream protein tasks Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 3 Discussion/3.1 Results (paragraph 1); 4 Conclusion (paragraph 1)
Parameters	MULAN-ESM2 S has 9M parameters, including its ESM2-8M backbone and structure adapter. The 37M and 652M models are separate variants. Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.1 The importance of the Structure Adapter (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 1)
Known versions / configuration	small ESM2 backbone Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · Table vbaf117-T4 (paragraph 1); Table vbaf117-T2 (paragraph 1)
Training data / fitting	501,348 Swiss-Prot proteins with AlphaFold2 structures after filtering sequences shorter than 30 residues; 5,000 proteins are selected for validation. The pretrained backbone is further trained with joint sequence/angle masking. Sources MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · 2 Methods/2.3 Training details (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1)
Context limits	A maximum input/context length for this exact evaluated configuration is not established by the inspected sources. · Not reported in inspected sources Sources (2) MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding; facebookresearch/esm README.md · 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information; 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter; 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking; 2 Methods/2.3 Training details; 2 Methods/2.4 Downstream tasks; 2 Methods/2.5 Downstream task evaluation; 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.4 Architecture ablation; inspected for explicit maximum input length (dataset lengths and family-wide limits are not substituted); README.md at pinned repository revision
Access	Official upstream implementation and usage documentation: https://github.com/facebookresearch/esm/blob/2b369911bb5b4b0dda914521b9475cad1656b2ac/README.md. This pinned documentation revision is not automatically the evaluated weight revision. Sources facebookresearch/esm README.md · README.md; installation, model download and usage instructions
Code licence	MIT (upstream repository code at the cited revision; this does not establish every dependency or historical checkpoint licence). Sources facebookresearch/esm LICENSE · LICENSE; complete licence text
Weights licence	The inspected model-access documentation does not explicitly identify terms for this exact evaluated checkpoint or fitted head; repository code terms are shown separately. · Not reported in inspected sources Sources facebookresearch/esm README.md · README.md; checkpoint/access documentation and licence scope

Evidence table

Inspect claims, sources and review details

Trace each statement to its source and review. A context-only reference supports the record generally; it does not verify an individual field. Source checking does not reproduce an experiment.

One row per statement and cited source. Multiple citations are not independent evaluations. Shared locators are labelled explicitly.

21 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-09-17-d277315f7d76
Property and statement	Original source and location	Review and provenance
Diagram caption Conceptual input–method–output guide. Check the procedure text and linked evaluation for fitted components, additional inputs and exact settings. Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Diagram steps ["Protein amino-acid sequences and angle-based structural descriptors","MULAN-ESM2 S","Structure-aware representations for downstream protein tasks"] Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Diagram title Evaluated procedure (conceptual) Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.title` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Model type Protein sequence transformer; this record is the paper-specific evaluated configuration. Individual claims	facebookresearch/esm README.md Original source ↗ README.md model description Version: 2b369911bb5b4b0dda914521b9475cad1656b2ac Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:00:00.816433+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.0.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `8b273c21a322fc9473d1b68d0dd40c8166ab2f89e4a190aa26ca87251b97cba9` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Architecture / procedure A parameter-efficient adapter encodes angle-based structural information, which is fused with the pretrained sequence representation and trained jointly. Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.1.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Weights licence The inspected model-access documentation does not explicitly identify terms for this exact evaluated checkpoint or fitted head; repository code terms are shown separately. Individual claims	facebookresearch/esm README.md Original source ↗ README.md; checkpoint/access documentation and licence scope Version: 2b369911bb5b4b0dda914521b9475cad1656b2ac Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:00:00.816433+00:00	unreported automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.10.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `8b273c21a322fc9473d1b68d0dd40c8166ab2f89e4a190aa26ca87251b97cba9` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Biological inputs Protein amino-acid sequences and angle-based structural descriptors Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 2); 3 Discussion/3.4 Related work/3.4.2 Structure-informed models (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.2.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Outputs Structure-aware representations for downstream protein tasks Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 3 Discussion/3.1 Results (paragraph 1); 4 Conclusion (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.3.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Parameters MULAN-ESM2 S has 9M parameters, including its ESM2-8M backbone and structure adapter. The 37M and 652M models are separate variants. Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.1 The importance of the Structure Adapter (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.4.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Known versions / configuration small ESM2 backbone Individual claims	MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding Original source ↗ Table vbaf117-T4 (paragraph 1); Table vbaf117-T2 (paragraph 1) Version: journal full text in PMC Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:38:57.558217+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Primary full text and the available official implementation/model documentation were inspected. Explanatory claims are source-backed; unresolved exact-configuration metadata is labelled explicitly. This is automated review, not a human review or independent benchmark reproduction. Field: `attributes.profile.facts.5.value` Source artifact SHA-256: `771a9a26ebda6f49ea266540e8dd6e6de0cbaef724de818ca6124a5f9c50d350` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact

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Sources and history

Release 2026-09-17-d277315f7d76 · Record review: needs review

3 source records and release history

MULAN: multimodal protein language model for sequence and structure encoding · Original source · journal full text in PMC
facebookresearch/esm README.md · Original source · 2b369911bb5b4b0dda914521b9475cad1656b2ac
facebookresearch/esm LICENSE · Original source · 2b369911bb5b4b0dda914521b9475cad1656b2ac

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: reported-model-a29203c09857ef

areas: proteins-complexes
entity level: method
version: small ESM2 backbone
reported name: MULAN-ESM2 S
historical missing metadata: checkpoint revision: not_reported_in_legacy_extract; training data: not_reported_in_legacy_extract; licence: not_reported_in_legacy_extract
metadata review scope: historical_missing_metadata preserves the original discovery state. Current descriptive evidence and missingness are recorded in profile.facts; numerical-result review is separate.
legacy kinds: model
entity classification: review date: 2026-09-17; rationale: This source-scoped entry preserves the method/configuration actually named in an evaluation. It is neither a global family identity nor proof of an immutable checkpoint; the linked evaluation retains adaptation, fitting and scoring details.; source ids: mulan-2025; evidence-reported-base-esm-readme-md; source locator: 2 Methods/2.2 Training procedure and structure masking (paragraph 1); 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.2 The Structure Adapter (paragraph 1) | README.md model description | 2 Methods/2.1 MULAN architecture/2.1.1 Structural information (paragraph 1); 3 Discussion/3.2 Ablation study/3.2.1 The importance of the Structure Adapter (paragraph 1); ambiguities: Configuration means the source-labelled evaluated identity. It does not establish missing checkpoint hashes, default settings or equivalence to same-named records in other papers.

Related records

model: MULAN-ESM2 S: human protein-protein interaction prediction

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